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The College of Naturopathic Medicine Learning Guide – Medicine

Name: ________________________________________________City of Study: ________________________________________________Date started: ________________ Date completed:__________________The Learning Guide – Medicine sets out the exact sequence of topics to be studied or completed by a student before the class takes place.

The purpose of this course is to give you an in-depth understanding of medicine (anatomy, physiology, pathology, infectious diseases), as well as differential diagnosis and clinical diagnostic skills.

Literature needed:
1. Anatomy and Physiology by Ross and Wilson
2. Pathology Illustrated by Church & Livingstone
3. Pathophysiology for Health related Profession by B.E. Gould
4. Pocket Guide to Clinical Examination by Epstein, Perkin de
Bono, Cook son.
5. Mosby’s Medical Dictionary by Mosby
6. For learning outcomes, please see student website: www.cnmstudent.com

Length of study: 1 year

How to follow the Learning Guide:
When you have done the first part and you are certain you understand it, put your initials and the date in the blank space on the right-hand side on the page. Then go to the next item on the sheet. Do not skip around on the sheet or do its steps in some other order, as the list has been carefully laid out to ensure that you cover all the information on the course within a sensible time scale.

If you are starting the Medicine Study Course with a specific module, do the Introduction of the Learning Guide – Medicine first and then go to the module you are starting with.

If you have any questions or difficulties, see your lecturer or Director of Studies.

___________________________________________________________________
© 2006 CNM
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How to study successfully

If you want to be a successful student and later on be able to apply what you have learnt, then you should follow the advice given below as closely as possible.

The pre-requisites to study are:
Be interested in what you are studying
Understand what you are studying (memorising things to pass exams is not studying)
Always study while keeping application in mind.

How to study:

Look up each word you don’t understand.
Make sure you completely understand the meaning of all words and all terminology on your course. It has been proven that words which are not correctly understood cause more problems for students than any other factor. The best way to do this is by going through the text and look up all the words you don’t understand in a good, easy to understand dictionary. Then become familiar with the word and its usage by making several sentences with the word until you have the full concept of what it means. If you do this you will notice within a short time that the actual time you require to understand a subject will be markedly decreased. You will be able to retain the information without having to memorize it. If you get tired or start yawning when reading something or listening to a lecture, this is only because you didn’t understand a word.

Don’t study to remember, but to understand, to know and be able to apply.

Memorising is not learning. If you understand what you are studying, you can’t forget it and you are able to be successful. Memorising is for people who do not understand.

Make drawing or use models to get a practical understanding

Always make drawings or use diagrams, illustrations, photographs or models to give yourself a practical understanding of the term, organ, sequence of actions, etc. This will help you immeasurably in understanding the subject.

Go back if you feel confused.

If you are feeling confused, go back and make sure that you really understand the last section you’ve read, as that may well be the cause of your confusion.

If you follow these simple steps, you will find that you are able to remain much brighter, more alert and confident in using what you have studied.

Last but not least, never be afraid of asking your lecturer to clarify something you have not understood. At the CNM we want our lecturers to ensure that you get the best you can out of their lectures.

Good Studying!

Learning Guide Medicine

INTRODUCTION Date/Sign

1. Read the Student Rules __________

2. Read the article “How to study successfully” __________

3. Write an essay on how you would study __________

4. Read Ross & Wilson “The Body and it Constituents” __________

Lecture Action Date/Sign__

Cytology/Histology

Read Ross & Wilson,“The Cells, Tissues, etc.” __________Do Quick Questions 1 __________

Musc-Skel. Syst.

Read Ross & Wilson, “The Skeleton” __________“The Joints” __________

“The Musc. System” __________

Do Quick Questions 2 __________

Read Gould “Musculoskel. Disorders” __________

Do Gould Study Questions __________

Read Epstein “Bone, Joints and Muscle” __________

Exam (Musculo-skeletal Syst.) _________%

Cardiovascular

Read Ross & Wilson, “The Blood” __________

Lymph. Syst.

“The Cardiovascular System”__________

“The Lymphatic System” __________

Do Quick Questions 3 __________

Read Gould, “Cardiovascular Disorders” __________

“Blood and Lymph Disorders” __________

Do Gould Study Questions __________

Read Epstein, “The Heart & Cardiovascular System”_________

Read Epstein, “Examination of the Lymphatic System” __________

Exam (Cardiovascular & Lymph. Syst.) _________%

Digest. Syst.

Read Ross & Wilson, “ The Digestive System” __________

Do Quick Questions 6 __________

Read Gould, “Digest. Syst. Disorders” __________

Do Gould Study Questions __________

Read Epstein, Chapter 7 “The Abdomen” __________

Read Ross & Wilson, “Introduction to Nutrition” __________

Respiratory System

Read Ross & Wilson, “The Respiratory System” __________

Read Gould “Respiratory Disorders” __________

Do Gould Study Questions __________

Read Epstein, Chapter 4 “Ear, Nose and Throat” __________

Read Epstein, Chapter 5 “Respiratory System” __________

Endocr. Syst.

Read Ross & Wilson, “The Endocrine System” __________

Do Quick Questions 4 __________

Read Gould, “Endocrine Disorders” __________

Do Gould Study Questions __________

Nervous Syst. Read Ross & Wilson, “The Nervous System” __________

Do Quick Questions 10 __________

Read Gould, “Neurologic Disorders” __________

Do Gould Study Questions* __________
*excl. info on the ear & eye

Bio Medicine Semester I exam _________%

Skin Read Ross & Wilson, “The Skin” __________

Do Quick Questions 5 (skin only) __________

Read Gould “Skin Disorders” __________

Do Gould Study Questions __________

Read Epstein “Skin, Nails and Hair” __________

Immune Syst. Read Ross & Wilson, “Resistance and Immunity.” __________

Read Gould, “Immunity and Abnormal Responses.”__________

Do Gould Study Questions __________

Read Gould, “Substance Abuse” __________

Do Gould Study Questions __________

Urinary Syst. Read Ross & Wilson, “The Urinary System” __________

Do Quick Questions 7 __________

Read Gould, “Fluid, Electrolytes, etc” __________

Do Gould Study Questions _________

Read Gould, “Urinary Syst. Disorders” __________

Do Gould Study Questions __________

Reprod. Syst.

Read Ross & Wilson, “The Reprod. System” __________

Do Quick Questions 8 __________

Read Gould, “Pregnancy” __________

Do Gould Study Questions __________

Read Gould, “Repr. System Disorders”* __________

Do Gould Study Questions* __________
*exclude information on STDs

Infec. Diseases Read Gould, “Infection” __________

Do Gould Study Questions __________

Read Gould, “Reprod. System Disorders” (STD’s) __________

Do Gould Study Questions (Q 20-24) __________

Exam (Infect. Diseases) _________%

Pharmacology

Laboratory Read Gould “Appendices: Ready Reference 4” __________

Do Quick Questions 9 __________

Sense Organs Read Ross & Wilson, “The Special Senses” __________

Do Quick Questions 11 __________

Read Gould, “Neurological Disorders” __________

Do Gould Study Question, Q20 __________

Oncology

Read Gould, “Neoplasms” __________

Do Gould Study Questions __________

Bio Medicine Semester II exam _________%

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QUICK QUESTIONS 1

CELLS AND TERMINOLOGY

Action Date/Sign

1. Define a cell. ________

2. Define an organelle. ________

3. Which organelle produces cellular energy? ________

4. Which chemical do all cells respire? ________

5. Define a tissue. ________

6. Differentiate between meiosis and mitosis. ________

7. Which cells undergo meitotic division? ________

8. Which cells undergo mitotic division? ________

9. Describe the structure of cell membrane. ________

10. What is the function of cytoplasm? ________

11. What do the following suffixes mean:-
1) – itis ________
2) – ectomy ________
3) – stomy ________
4) – osis ________
12. What do the following prefixes mean:-
1) intra- ________
2) endo- ________
3) homo- ________
4) hypo- ________
5) peri- ________

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QUICK QUESTIONS 2

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Action Date/Sign

1. What is the function of a tendon? ________

2. What is the function of a ligament? ________

3. What is a bursa and what is its function? ________

4. What is the main organic and inorganic component of bone? ________

5. List three functions of bones. ________

6. Where are the following muscles:-
1) deltoid ________
2) gastrocnemius ________
3) triceps ________
4) sartorius ________
5) sternocleidomastoid ________
6) trapezius ________
7) latissimus dorsi ________
obicularis oris ________
9) pectoralis major ________
10) masseter ________

7) What is deep fascia? ________

What is the function of cartilage and synovial fluid? ________

9) Draw a fully labelled diagram of a typical synovial joint ________

10) What is a myofibril? ________

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QUICK QUESTIONS 3

CARDIOVASCULAR-LYMPHATICS SYSTEM

Action Date/Sign

1. Draw and fully label a cross section of the heart. ________

2. Describe the function of the following:-
1) sinoatrial node ________
2) atriventricular node ________
3) Purkinje fibres ________
4) pericardium ________
5) coronary arteries ________
3. How does the vascular system control blood pressure? ________

4. Describe the pathway of blood through the heart. ________

5. What are the characteristics of a red blood cell? ________

6. What is the function of the following types of leukocyte:-
1) basophil ________
2) neutrophil ________
3) macrophage ________
4) T-helper cell ________
5) T-suppressor cell ________
7. Describe the structure and function of a lymph node. ________

8. What are the components of lymph fluid? ________

9. Describe the relationship between plasma, tissue fluid,
and lymph. ________

10. Describe the positions of four major pulse points in the body. ________

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QUICK QUESTIONS 4

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Action Date/Sign

1. List the major endocrine glands in the body. ________

2. Describe the relationships that exist between
the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. ________

3. Describe the homeostatic mechanism for blood
calcium ion balance. ________

4. For the following hormones list their site of production,
function and target organ/s:-
1) calcitonin ________
2) aldosterone ________
3) glucagon ________
4) prolactin ________
5) aldosterone ________
6) erythropoietin ________
5. How do macrophages defend the body? ________

6. How do opsonin antibodies function? ________

7. How are antibodies produced? ________

8. What is the function of the thymus gland? ________

9. What is an antigen? ________

10. How do agglutinin antibodies increase the efficiency
of the immune response? ________

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QUICK QUESTIONS 5

SKIN & RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Action Date/Sign

1. Describe the structure of the skin. ________

2. Explain how the skin is involved in thermoregulation. ________

3. What is the function sebum? ________

4. Where is it produced? ________

5. What is the function of cerumen where is it produced? ________

6. How are respiratory gases exchanged at the alveoli? ________

7. Describe the structure of the trachea. ________

8. How is the trachea adapted to removing particulate debris? ________

9. What is the function of the phrenic nerves? ________

10. What is the role of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
in breathing? ________

11. What is the function of pleural fluid? ________

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QUICK QUESTIONS 6

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Action Date/Sign

1. What is an enzyme? ________

2. Where are the following enzymes produced:-
1) salivary amylase ________
2) pepsin ________
3) lipase ________
4) maltase ________
5) trypsin ________
3. For the above list state the substrate and products of
enzyme activity. ________

4. Give three functions of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid). ________

5. What is the function of bile? ________

6. What is the function of the gall bladder? ________

7. How do the pancreas and liver communicate
with the duodenum? ________

8. Draw and label the structure of a villus. ________

9. How does the absorption of glucose differ from the
absorption of fats? ________

10. List the salivary glands. ________

11. What are the functions of saliva? ________

12. What is the function of the cardiac and pyloric sphincters? ________

13. What are the components of pancreatic juice? ________

14. Describe the swallowing mechanism. ________

15. What is peristalsis? ________

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QUICK QUESTIONS 7

URINARY SYSTEM

Action Date/Sign

1. Draw a fully labelled diagram of a kidney cross section. ________

2. What is the function of the ureters? ________

3. Draw and label a nephron. ________

4. Describe how the kidneys help maintain blood pH. ________

5. What is the role of the loop of Henle? ________

6. How does ultrafiltration occur at the glomerulus? ________

7. What are osmosis and diffusion? ________

8. What is ADH and where is it produced? ________

9. How does ADH affect urine concentration? ________

10. What role does the kidney play in blood pressure homeostasis? ________

11. What is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule? ________

12. Describe the function of the kidney capsule. ________

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QUICK QUESTIONS 8

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Action Date/Sign

1. Describe the role oestrogen, LH, FSH and progesterone
in the menstrual cycle. ________

2. Where are LH and FSH produced? ________

3. What is a corpus luteum? ________

4. What is the major component of the myontrium? ________

5. Describe the pathway taken by sperm during ejaculation. ________

6. Give two functions of the prostate gland. ________

7. Why do male gonads hang outside of the body cavity? ________

8. What is the role of the epididymis? ________

9. What is the function of fimbriae? ________

10. How is the ovum transported down the oviduct? ________

11. What is implantation? ________

12. How is menstruation suspended during pregnancy? ________

13. What is the role of oxytocin during birth? ________

14. Give four functions of the placenta? ________

15. Describe how blood is transported between foetus and placenta.________

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QUICK QUESTIONS 9

LABORATORY

Action Date/Sign

1. What is melaena? ________

2. What is the ESR? ________

3. How might glucose concentration in urine be determined? ________

4. What is a haemocytometer? ________

5. What is it used for? ________

6. Describe the processes in diagnostic plating. ________

7. What can be determined from a faecal smear? ________

8. What can be diagnosed from bone marrow aspiration? ________

9. What is a haemotocrit used for? ________

10. Describe the floatation technique for parasite eggs. ________

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QUICK QUESTIONS 10

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Action Date/Sign

1. How is an action potential generated? ________

2. What is the function of the following parts of the brain:-
1) pons ________
2) medulla oblongata ________
3) hypothalamus ________
4) cerebellum ________
5) cerebral hemispheres ________
3. Draw and fully label a motor neurone. ________

4. Draw and fully label a synapse. ________

5. How is a nervous impulse conducted across a synapse? ________

6. What is the function of CSF? ________

7. What is the composition of CSF? ________

8. Give the names of three neurotransmitters. ________

9. Where are the following major nerves located?
1) sciatic ________
2) axillary ________
3) vagus ________
4) intercostal ________
5) femoral ________
10. What is a dermatome? ________

11. What is the cauda equina? ________

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QUICK QUESTIONS 11

SENSE ORGANS

Action Date/Sign

1. Draw and fully label a cross section of the eye. ________

2. Describe the function of the following:-
1) retina ________
2) suspensory ligaments ________
3) lens ________
4) iris ________
5) choroid ________
6) fovea centralis ________
3. Explain how the iris regulates light entering the eye. ________

4. List four ways in which the eye is naturally protected. ________

5. What is the composition of tear fluid? ________

6. How is light energy transduced into a nerve impulse? ________

7. Describe the function of the cochlea in hearing. ________

8. What is the correct arrangement of the auditory ossicles? ________

9. What is the function of the ear drum? ________

10. What is the inner ear filled with? ________

11. What is the function of the semicircular canals? ________

12. What is the function of proprioceptors? ________